From f1bf7b573546649d41f933f4dd441c0f3df34e39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: red Date: Wed, 7 Jul 2021 20:58:36 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] UNSOLVED --- exercises/README.md | 24 +++ exercises/clippy/README.md | 10 ++ exercises/clippy/clippy1.rs | 17 ++ exercises/clippy/clippy2.rs | 13 ++ exercises/collections/README.md | 22 +++ exercises/collections/hashmap1.rs | 44 +++++ exercises/collections/hashmap2.rs | 81 +++++++++ exercises/collections/vec1.rs | 25 +++ exercises/collections/vec2.rs | 33 ++++ exercises/conversions/README.md | 21 +++ exercises/conversions/as_ref_mut.rs | 52 ++++++ exercises/conversions/from_into.rs | 132 +++++++++++++++ exercises/conversions/from_str.rs | 92 ++++++++++ exercises/conversions/try_from_into.rs | 158 ++++++++++++++++++ exercises/conversions/using_as.rs | 28 ++++ exercises/enums/README.md | 10 ++ exercises/enums/enums1.rs | 16 ++ exercises/enums/enums2.rs | 28 ++++ exercises/enums/enums3.rs | 64 +++++++ exercises/error_handling/README.md | 11 ++ 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exercises/variables/variables2.rs | 13 ++ exercises/variables/variables3.rs | 11 ++ exercises/variables/variables4.rs | 9 + exercises/variables/variables5.rs | 11 ++ exercises/variables/variables6.rs | 9 + 96 files changed, 2864 insertions(+) create mode 100644 exercises/README.md create mode 100644 exercises/clippy/README.md create mode 100644 exercises/clippy/clippy1.rs create mode 100644 exercises/clippy/clippy2.rs create mode 100644 exercises/collections/README.md create mode 100644 exercises/collections/hashmap1.rs create mode 100644 exercises/collections/hashmap2.rs create mode 100644 exercises/collections/vec1.rs create mode 100644 exercises/collections/vec2.rs create mode 100644 exercises/conversions/README.md create mode 100644 exercises/conversions/as_ref_mut.rs create mode 100644 exercises/conversions/from_into.rs create mode 100644 exercises/conversions/from_str.rs create mode 100644 exercises/conversions/try_from_into.rs create mode 100644 exercises/conversions/using_as.rs 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exercises/variables/variables2.rs create mode 100644 exercises/variables/variables3.rs create mode 100644 exercises/variables/variables4.rs create mode 100644 exercises/variables/variables5.rs create mode 100644 exercises/variables/variables6.rs diff --git a/exercises/README.md b/exercises/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c71524 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +# Exercise to Book Chapter mapping + +| Exercise | Book Chapter | +|------------------------|--------------| +| variables | §3.1 | +| functions | §3.3 | +| if | §3.5 | +| move_semantics | §4.1 | +| primitive_types | §4.3 | +| structs | §5.1 | +| enums | §6 | +| modules | §7.2 | +| collections | §8.1 | +| strings | §8.2 | +| error_handling | §9 | +| generics | §10 | +| option | §10.1 | +| traits | §10.2 | +| tests | §11.1 | +| standard_library_types | §13.2 | +| threads | §16.1 | +| macros | §19.6 | +| clippy | n/a | +| conversions | n/a | diff --git a/exercises/clippy/README.md b/exercises/clippy/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..55438af --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/clippy/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +# Clippy + +The Clippy tool is a collection of lints to analyze your code so you can catch common mistakes and improve your Rust code. + +If you used the installation script for Rustlings, Clippy should be already installed. +If not you can install it manually via `rustup component add clippy`. + +## Further information + +- [GitHub Repository](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy). diff --git a/exercises/clippy/clippy1.rs b/exercises/clippy/clippy1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bdb5dd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/clippy/clippy1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// clippy1.rs +// The Clippy tool is a collection of lints to analyze your code +// so you can catch common mistakes and improve your Rust code. +// +// For these exercises the code will fail to compile when there are clippy warnings +// check clippy's suggestions from the output to solve the exercise. +// Execute `rustlings hint clippy1` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let x = 1.2331f64; + let y = 1.2332f64; + if y != x { + println!("Success!"); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/clippy/clippy2.rs b/exercises/clippy/clippy2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..37af9ed --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/clippy/clippy2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// clippy2.rs +// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint clippy2` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let mut res = 42; + let option = Some(12); + for x in option { + res += x; + } + println!("{}", res); +} diff --git a/exercises/collections/README.md b/exercises/collections/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0291bc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/collections/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +# Collections + +Rust’s standard library includes a number of very useful data +structures called collections. Most other data types represent one +specific value, but collections can contain multiple values. Unlike +the built-in array and tuple types, the data these collections point +to is stored on the heap, which means the amount of data does not need +to be known at compile time and can grow or shrink as the program +runs. + +This exercise will get you familiar with two fundamental data +structures that are used very often in Rust programs: + +* A *vector* allows you to store a variable number of values next to + each other. +* A *hash map* allows you to associate a value with a particular key. + You may also know this by the names [*unordered map* in C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/unordered_map), + [*dictionary* in Python](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html#dictionaries) or an *associative array* in other languages. + +## Further information + +- [Storing Lists of Values with Vectors](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch08-01-vectors.html) diff --git a/exercises/collections/hashmap1.rs b/exercises/collections/hashmap1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..64b5a7f --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/collections/hashmap1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// hashmap1.rs +// A basket of fruits in the form of a hash map needs to be defined. +// The key represents the name of the fruit and the value represents +// how many of that particular fruit is in the basket. You have to put +// at least three different types of fruits (e.g apple, banana, mango) +// in the basket and the total count of all the fruits should be at +// least five. +// +// Make me compile and pass the tests! +// +// Execute the command `rustlings hint hashmap1` if you need +// hints. + +// I AM NOT DONE + +use std::collections::HashMap; + +fn fruit_basket() -> HashMap { + let mut basket = // TODO: declare your hash map here. + + // Two bananas are already given for you :) + basket.insert(String::from("banana"), 2); + + // TODO: Put more fruits in your basket here. + + basket +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn at_least_three_types_of_fruits() { + let basket = fruit_basket(); + assert!(basket.len() >= 3); + } + + #[test] + fn at_least_five_fruits() { + let basket = fruit_basket(); + assert!(basket.values().sum::() >= 5); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/collections/hashmap2.rs b/exercises/collections/hashmap2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0abe19a --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/collections/hashmap2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +// hashmap2.rs + +// A basket of fruits in the form of a hash map is given. The key +// represents the name of the fruit and the value represents how many +// of that particular fruit is in the basket. You have to put *MORE +// THAN 11* fruits in the basket. Three types of fruits - Apple (4), +// Mango (2) and Lychee (5) are already given in the basket. You are +// not allowed to insert any more of these fruits! +// +// Make me pass the tests! +// +// Execute the command `rustlings hint hashmap2` if you need +// hints. + +// I AM NOT DONE + +use std::collections::HashMap; + +#[derive(Hash, PartialEq, Eq)] +enum Fruit { + Apple, + Banana, + Mango, + Lychee, + Pineapple, +} + +fn fruit_basket(basket: &mut HashMap) { + let fruit_kinds = vec![ + Fruit::Apple, + Fruit::Banana, + Fruit::Mango, + Fruit::Lychee, + Fruit::Pineapple, + ]; + + for fruit in fruit_kinds { + // TODO: Put new fruits if not already present. Note that you + // are not allowed to put any type of fruit that's already + // present! + } +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + fn get_fruit_basket() -> HashMap { + let mut basket = HashMap::::new(); + basket.insert(Fruit::Apple, 4); + basket.insert(Fruit::Mango, 2); + basket.insert(Fruit::Lychee, 5); + + basket + } + + #[test] + fn test_given_fruits_are_not_modified() { + let mut basket = get_fruit_basket(); + fruit_basket(&mut basket); + assert_eq!(*basket.get(&Fruit::Apple).unwrap(), 4); + assert_eq!(*basket.get(&Fruit::Mango).unwrap(), 2); + assert_eq!(*basket.get(&Fruit::Lychee).unwrap(), 5); + } + + #[test] + fn at_least_five_types_of_fruits() { + let mut basket = get_fruit_basket(); + fruit_basket(&mut basket); + let count_fruit_kinds = basket.len(); + assert!(count_fruit_kinds >= 5); + } + + #[test] + fn greater_than_eleven_fruits() { + let mut basket = get_fruit_basket(); + fruit_basket(&mut basket); + let count = basket.values().sum::(); + assert!(count > 11); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/collections/vec1.rs b/exercises/collections/vec1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b144fb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/collections/vec1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// vec1.rs +// Your task is to create a `Vec` which holds the exact same elements +// as in the array `a`. +// Make me compile and pass the test! +// Execute the command `rustlings hint vec1` if you need hints. + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn array_and_vec() -> ([i32; 4], Vec) { + let a = [10, 20, 30, 40]; // a plain array + let v = // TODO: declare your vector here with the macro for vectors + + (a, v) +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn test_array_and_vec_similarity() { + let (a, v) = array_and_vec(); + assert_eq!(a, v[..]); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/collections/vec2.rs b/exercises/collections/vec2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6595e40 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/collections/vec2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// vec2.rs +// A Vec of even numbers is given. Your task is to complete the loop +// so that each number in the Vec is multiplied by 2. +// +// Make me pass the test! +// +// Execute the command `rustlings hint vec2` if you need +// hints. + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn vec_loop(mut v: Vec) -> Vec { + for i in v.iter_mut() { + // TODO: Fill this up so that each element in the Vec `v` is + // multiplied by 2. + } + + // At this point, `v` should be equal to [4, 8, 12, 16, 20]. + v +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn test_vec_loop() { + let v: Vec = (1..).filter(|x| x % 2 == 0).take(5).collect(); + let ans = vec_loop(v.clone()); + + assert_eq!(ans, v.iter().map(|x| x * 2).collect::>()); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/conversions/README.md b/exercises/conversions/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d7da93 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/conversions/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +# Type conversions + +Rust offers a multitude of ways to convert a value of a given type into another type. + +The simplest form of type conversion is a type cast expression. It is denoted with the binary operator `as`. For instance, `println!("{}", 1 + 1.0);` would not compile, since `1` is an integer while `1.0` is a float. However, `println!("{}", 1 as f32 + 1.0)` should compile. The exercise [`using_as`](using_as.rs) tries to cover this. + +Rust also offers traits that facilitate type conversions upon implementation. These traits can be found under the [`convert`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/index.html) module. +The traits are the following: +- `From` and `Into` covered in [`from_into`](from_into.rs) +- `TryFrom` and `TryInto` covered in [`try_from_into`](try_from_into.rs) +- `AsRef` and `AsMut` covered in [`as_ref_mut`](as_ref_mut.rs) + +Furthermore, the `std::str` module offers a trait called [`FromStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html) which helps with converting strings into target types via the `parse` method on strings. If properly implemented for a given type `Person`, then `let p: Person = "Mark,20".parse().unwrap()` should both compile and run without panicking. + +These should be the main ways ***within the standard library*** to convert data into your desired types. + +## Further information + +These are not directly covered in the book, but the standard library has a great documentation for it. +- [conversions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/index.html) +- [`FromStr` trait](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/exercises/conversions/as_ref_mut.rs b/exercises/conversions/as_ref_mut.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84f4a60 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/conversions/as_ref_mut.rs @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +// AsRef and AsMut allow for cheap reference-to-reference conversions. +// Read more about them at https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html +// and https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsMut.html, respectively. + +// I AM NOT DONE + +// Obtain the number of bytes (not characters) in the given argument +// Add the AsRef trait appropriately as a trait bound +fn byte_counter(arg: T) -> usize { + arg.as_ref().as_bytes().len() +} + +// Obtain the number of characters (not bytes) in the given argument +// Add the AsRef trait appropriately as a trait bound +fn char_counter(arg: T) -> usize { + arg.as_ref().chars().count() +} + +fn main() { + let s = "Café au lait"; + println!("{}", char_counter(s)); + println!("{}", byte_counter(s)); +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn different_counts() { + let s = "Café au lait"; + assert_ne!(char_counter(s), byte_counter(s)); + } + + #[test] + fn same_counts() { + let s = "Cafe au lait"; + assert_eq!(char_counter(s), byte_counter(s)); + } + + #[test] + fn different_counts_using_string() { + let s = String::from("Café au lait"); + assert_ne!(char_counter(s.clone()), byte_counter(s)); + } + + #[test] + fn same_counts_using_string() { + let s = String::from("Cafe au lait"); + assert_eq!(char_counter(s.clone()), byte_counter(s)); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/conversions/from_into.rs b/exercises/conversions/from_into.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9d84174 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/conversions/from_into.rs @@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ +// The From trait is used for value-to-value conversions. +// If From is implemented correctly for a type, the Into trait should work conversely. +// You can read more about it at https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html +#[derive(Debug)] +struct Person { + name: String, + age: usize, +} + +// We implement the Default trait to use it as a fallback +// when the provided string is not convertible into a Person object +impl Default for Person { + fn default() -> Person { + Person { + name: String::from("John"), + age: 30, + } + } +} + +// Your task is to complete this implementation +// in order for the line `let p = Person::from("Mark,20")` to compile +// Please note that you'll need to parse the age component into a `usize` +// with something like `"4".parse::()`. The outcome of this needs to +// be handled appropriately. +// +// Steps: +// 1. If the length of the provided string is 0, then return the default of Person +// 2. Split the given string on the commas present in it +// 3. Extract the first element from the split operation and use it as the name +// 4. If the name is empty, then return the default of Person +// 5. Extract the other element from the split operation and parse it into a `usize` as the age +// If while parsing the age, something goes wrong, then return the default of Person +// Otherwise, then return an instantiated Person object with the results + +// I AM NOT DONE + +impl From<&str> for Person { + fn from(s: &str) -> Person { + } +} + +fn main() { + // Use the `from` function + let p1 = Person::from("Mark,20"); + // Since From is implemented for Person, we should be able to use Into + let p2: Person = "Gerald,70".into(); + println!("{:?}", p1); + println!("{:?}", p2); +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + #[test] + fn test_default() { + // Test that the default person is 30 year old John + let dp = Person::default(); + assert_eq!(dp.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(dp.age, 30); + } + #[test] + fn test_bad_convert() { + // Test that John is returned when bad string is provided + let p = Person::from(""); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } + #[test] + fn test_good_convert() { + // Test that "Mark,20" works + let p = Person::from("Mark,20"); + assert_eq!(p.name, "Mark"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 20); + } + #[test] + fn test_bad_age() { + // Test that "Mark,twenty" will return the default person due to an error in parsing age + let p = Person::from("Mark,twenty"); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } + + #[test] + fn test_missing_comma_and_age() { + let p: Person = Person::from("Mark"); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } + + #[test] + fn test_missing_age() { + let p: Person = Person::from("Mark,"); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } + + #[test] + fn test_missing_name() { + let p: Person = Person::from(",1"); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } + + #[test] + fn test_missing_name_and_age() { + let p: Person = Person::from(","); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } + + #[test] + fn test_missing_name_and_invalid_age() { + let p: Person = Person::from(",one"); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } + + #[test] + fn test_trailing_comma() { + let p: Person = Person::from("Mike,32,"); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } + + #[test] + fn test_trailing_comma_and_some_string() { + let p: Person = Person::from("Mike,32,man"); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 30); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/conversions/from_str.rs b/exercises/conversions/from_str.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4beebac --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/conversions/from_str.rs @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +// This does practically the same thing that TryFrom<&str> does. +// Additionally, upon implementing FromStr, you can use the `parse` method +// on strings to generate an object of the implementor type. +// You can read more about it at https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html +use std::error; +use std::str::FromStr; + +#[derive(Debug)] +struct Person { + name: String, + age: usize, +} + +// I AM NOT DONE + +// Steps: +// 1. If the length of the provided string is 0, an error should be returned +// 2. Split the given string on the commas present in it +// 3. Only 2 elements should be returned from the split, otherwise return an error +// 4. Extract the first element from the split operation and use it as the name +// 5. Extract the other element from the split operation and parse it into a `usize` as the age +// with something like `"4".parse::()` +// 5. If while extracting the name and the age something goes wrong, an error should be returned +// If everything goes well, then return a Result of a Person object + +impl FromStr for Person { + type Err = Box; + fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result { + } +} + +fn main() { + let p = "Mark,20".parse::().unwrap(); + println!("{:?}", p); +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn empty_input() { + assert!("".parse::().is_err()); + } + #[test] + fn good_input() { + let p = "John,32".parse::(); + assert!(p.is_ok()); + let p = p.unwrap(); + assert_eq!(p.name, "John"); + assert_eq!(p.age, 32); + } + #[test] + fn missing_age() { + assert!("John,".parse::().is_err()); + } + + #[test] + fn invalid_age() { + assert!("John,twenty".parse::().is_err()); + } + + #[test] + fn missing_comma_and_age() { + assert!("John".parse::().is_err()); + } + + #[test] + fn missing_name() { + assert!(",1".parse::().is_err()); + } + + #[test] + fn missing_name_and_age() { + assert!(",".parse::().is_err()); + } + + #[test] + fn missing_name_and_invalid_age() { + assert!(",one".parse::().is_err()); + } + + #[test] + fn trailing_comma() { + assert!("John,32,".parse::().is_err()); + } + + #[test] + fn trailing_comma_and_some_string() { + assert!("John,32,man".parse::().is_err()); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/conversions/try_from_into.rs b/exercises/conversions/try_from_into.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c0b5d98 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/conversions/try_from_into.rs @@ -0,0 +1,158 @@ +// TryFrom is a simple and safe type conversion that may fail in a controlled way under some circumstances. +// Basically, this is the same as From. The main difference is that this should return a Result type +// instead of the target type itself. +// You can read more about it at https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.TryFrom.html +use std::convert::{TryFrom, TryInto}; +use std::error; + +#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)] +struct Color { + red: u8, + green: u8, + blue: u8, +} + +// I AM NOT DONE + +// Your task is to complete this implementation +// and return an Ok result of inner type Color. +// You need to create an implementation for a tuple of three integers, +// an array of three integers and a slice of integers. +// +// Note that the implementation for tuple and array will be checked at compile time, +// but the slice implementation needs to check the slice length! +// Also note that correct RGB color values must be integers in the 0..=255 range. + +// Tuple implementation +impl TryFrom<(i16, i16, i16)> for Color { + type Error = Box; + fn try_from(tuple: (i16, i16, i16)) -> Result {} +} + +// Array implementation +impl TryFrom<[i16; 3]> for Color { + type Error = Box; + fn try_from(arr: [i16; 3]) -> Result {} +} + +// Slice implementation +impl TryFrom<&[i16]> for Color { + type Error = Box; + fn try_from(slice: &[i16]) -> Result {} +} + +fn main() { + // Use the `from` function + let c1 = Color::try_from((183, 65, 14)); + println!("{:?}", c1); + + // Since From is implemented for Color, we should be able to use Into + let c2: Result = [183, 65, 14].try_into(); + println!("{:?}", c2); + + let v = vec![183, 65, 14]; + // With slice we should use `from` function + let c3 = Color::try_from(&v[..]); + println!("{:?}", c3); + // or take slice within round brackets and use Into + let c4: Result = (&v[..]).try_into(); + println!("{:?}", c4); +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn test_tuple_out_of_range_positive() { + assert!(Color::try_from((256, 1000, 10000)).is_err()); + } + #[test] + fn test_tuple_out_of_range_negative() { + assert!(Color::try_from((-1, -10, -256)).is_err()); + } + #[test] + fn test_tuple_sum() { + assert!(Color::try_from((-1, 255, 255)).is_err()); + } + #[test] + fn test_tuple_correct() { + let c: Result = (183, 65, 14).try_into(); + assert!(c.is_ok()); + assert_eq!( + c.unwrap(), + Color { + red: 183, + green: 65, + blue: 14 + } + ); + } + #[test] + fn test_array_out_of_range_positive() { + let c: Result = [1000, 10000, 256].try_into(); + assert!(c.is_err()); + } + #[test] + fn test_array_out_of_range_negative() { + let c: Result = [-10, -256, -1].try_into(); + assert!(c.is_err()); + } + #[test] + fn test_array_sum() { + let c: Result = [-1, 255, 255].try_into(); + assert!(c.is_err()); + } + #[test] + fn test_array_correct() { + let c: Result = [183, 65, 14].try_into(); + assert!(c.is_ok()); + assert_eq!( + c.unwrap(), + Color { + red: 183, + green: 65, + blue: 14 + } + ); + } + #[test] + fn test_slice_out_of_range_positive() { + let arr = [10000, 256, 1000]; + assert!(Color::try_from(&arr[..]).is_err()); + } + #[test] + fn test_slice_out_of_range_negative() { + let arr = [-256, -1, -10]; + assert!(Color::try_from(&arr[..]).is_err()); + } + #[test] + fn test_slice_sum() { + let arr = [-1, 255, 255]; + assert!(Color::try_from(&arr[..]).is_err()); + } + #[test] + fn test_slice_correct() { + let v = vec![183, 65, 14]; + let c: Result = Color::try_from(&v[..]); + assert!(c.is_ok()); + assert_eq!( + c.unwrap(), + Color { + red: 183, + green: 65, + blue: 14 + } + ); + } + #[test] + fn test_slice_excess_length() { + let v = vec![0, 0, 0, 0]; + assert!(Color::try_from(&v[..]).is_err()); + } + #[test] + fn test_slice_insufficient_length() { + let v = vec![0, 0]; + assert!(Color::try_from(&v[..]).is_err()); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/conversions/using_as.rs b/exercises/conversions/using_as.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..821309e --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/conversions/using_as.rs @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Type casting in Rust is done via the usage of the `as` operator. +// Please note that the `as` operator is not only used when type casting. +// It also helps with renaming imports. +// +// The goal is to make sure that the division does not fail to compile +// and returns the proper type. + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn average(values: &[f64]) -> f64 { + let total = values.iter().fold(0.0, |a, b| a + b); + total / values.len() +} + +fn main() { + let values = [3.5, 0.3, 13.0, 11.7]; + println!("{}", average(&values)); +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn returns_proper_type_and_value() { + assert_eq!(average(&[3.5, 0.3, 13.0, 11.7]), 7.125); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/enums/README.md b/exercises/enums/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..30d4d91 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/enums/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +# Enums + +Rust allows you to define types called "enums" which enumerate possible values. +Enums are a feature in many languages, but their capabilities differ in each language. Rust’s enums are most similar to algebraic data types in functional languages, such as F#, OCaml, and Haskell. +Useful in combination with enums is Rust's "pattern matching" facility, which makes it easy to run different code for different values of an enumeration. + +## Further information + +- [Enums](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch06-00-enums.html) +- [Pattern syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch18-03-pattern-syntax.html) diff --git a/exercises/enums/enums1.rs b/exercises/enums/enums1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a2223d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/enums/enums1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// enums1.rs +// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint enums1` for hints! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +#[derive(Debug)] +enum Message { + // TODO: define a few types of messages as used below +} + +fn main() { + println!("{:?}", Message::Quit); + println!("{:?}", Message::Echo); + println!("{:?}", Message::Move); + println!("{:?}", Message::ChangeColor); +} diff --git a/exercises/enums/enums2.rs b/exercises/enums/enums2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec32d95 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/enums/enums2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// enums2.rs +// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint enums2` for hints! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +#[derive(Debug)] +enum Message { + // TODO: define the different variants used below +} + +impl Message { + fn call(&self) { + println!("{:?}", &self); + } +} + +fn main() { + let messages = [ + Message::Move { x: 10, y: 30 }, + Message::Echo(String::from("hello world")), + Message::ChangeColor(200, 255, 255), + Message::Quit, + ]; + + for message in &messages { + message.call(); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/enums/enums3.rs b/exercises/enums/enums3.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..178b40c --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/enums/enums3.rs @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +// enums3.rs +// Address all the TODOs to make the tests pass! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +enum Message { + // TODO: implement the message variant types based on their usage below +} + +struct Point { + x: u8, + y: u8, +} + +struct State { + color: (u8, u8, u8), + position: Point, + quit: bool, +} + +impl State { + fn change_color(&mut self, color: (u8, u8, u8)) { + self.color = color; + } + + fn quit(&mut self) { + self.quit = true; + } + + fn echo(&self, s: String) { + println!("{}", s); + } + + fn move_position(&mut self, p: Point) { + self.position = p; + } + + fn process(&mut self, message: Message) { + // TODO: create a match expression to process the different message variants + } +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn test_match_message_call() { + let mut state = State { + quit: false, + position: Point { x: 0, y: 0 }, + color: (0, 0, 0), + }; + state.process(Message::ChangeColor((255, 0, 255))); + state.process(Message::Echo(String::from("hello world"))); + state.process(Message::Move(Point { x: 10, y: 15 })); + state.process(Message::Quit); + + assert_eq!(state.color, (255, 0, 255)); + assert_eq!(state.position.x, 10); + assert_eq!(state.position.y, 15); + assert_eq!(state.quit, true); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/error_handling/README.md b/exercises/error_handling/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5255ace --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/error_handling/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +# Error handling +Most errors aren’t serious enough to require the program to stop entirely. +Sometimes, when a function fails, it’s for a reason that you can easily interpret and respond to. +For example, if you try to open a file and that operation fails because the file doesn’t exist, you might want to create the file instead of terminating the process. + +## Further information + +- [Error Handling](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html) +- [Generics](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch10-01-syntax.html) +- [Result](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/error/result.html) +- [Boxing errors](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/error/multiple_error_types/boxing_errors.html) diff --git a/exercises/error_handling/errors1.rs b/exercises/error_handling/errors1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9c24d85 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/error_handling/errors1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// errors1.rs +// This function refuses to generate text to be printed on a nametag if +// you pass it an empty string. It'd be nicer if it explained what the problem +// was, instead of just sometimes returning `None`. The 2nd test currently +// does not compile or pass, but it illustrates the behavior we would like +// this function to have. +// Execute `rustlings hint errors1` for hints! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +pub fn generate_nametag_text(name: String) -> Option { + if name.len() > 0 { + Some(format!("Hi! My name is {}", name)) + } else { + // Empty names aren't allowed. + None + } +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + // This test passes initially if you comment out the 2nd test. + // You'll need to update what this test expects when you change + // the function under test! + #[test] + fn generates_nametag_text_for_a_nonempty_name() { + assert_eq!( + generate_nametag_text("Beyoncé".into()), + Some("Hi! My name is Beyoncé".into()) + ); + } + + #[test] + fn explains_why_generating_nametag_text_fails() { + assert_eq!( + generate_nametag_text("".into()), + Err("`name` was empty; it must be nonempty.".into()) + ); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/error_handling/errors2.rs b/exercises/error_handling/errors2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aad3a93 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/error_handling/errors2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +// errors2.rs +// Say we're writing a game where you can buy items with tokens. All items cost +// 5 tokens, and whenever you purchase items there is a processing fee of 1 +// token. A player of the game will type in how many items they want to buy, +// and the `total_cost` function will calculate the total number of tokens. +// Since the player typed in the quantity, though, we get it as a string-- and +// they might have typed anything, not just numbers! + +// Right now, this function isn't handling the error case at all (and isn't +// handling the success case properly either). What we want to do is: +// if we call the `parse` function on a string that is not a number, that +// function will return a `ParseIntError`, and in that case, we want to +// immediately return that error from our function and not try to multiply +// and add. + +// There are at least two ways to implement this that are both correct-- but +// one is a lot shorter! Execute `rustlings hint errors2` for hints to both ways. + +// I AM NOT DONE + +use std::num::ParseIntError; + +pub fn total_cost(item_quantity: &str) -> Result { + let processing_fee = 1; + let cost_per_item = 5; + let qty = item_quantity.parse::(); + + Ok(qty * cost_per_item + processing_fee) +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn item_quantity_is_a_valid_number() { + assert_eq!(total_cost("34"), Ok(171)); + } + + #[test] + fn item_quantity_is_an_invalid_number() { + assert_eq!( + total_cost("beep boop").unwrap_err().to_string(), + "invalid digit found in string" + ); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/error_handling/errors3.rs b/exercises/error_handling/errors3.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..460ac5c --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/error_handling/errors3.rs @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// errors3.rs +// This is a program that is trying to use a completed version of the +// `total_cost` function from the previous exercise. It's not working though! +// Why not? What should we do to fix it? +// Execute `rustlings hint errors3` for hints! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +use std::num::ParseIntError; + +fn main() { + let mut tokens = 100; + let pretend_user_input = "8"; + + let cost = total_cost(pretend_user_input)?; + + if cost > tokens { + println!("You can't afford that many!"); + } else { + tokens -= cost; + println!("You now have {} tokens.", tokens); + } +} + +pub fn total_cost(item_quantity: &str) -> Result { + let processing_fee = 1; + let cost_per_item = 5; + let qty = item_quantity.parse::()?; + + Ok(qty * cost_per_item + processing_fee) +} diff --git a/exercises/error_handling/errorsn.rs b/exercises/error_handling/errorsn.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5fe212b --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/error_handling/errorsn.rs @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +// errorsn.rs +// This is a bigger error exercise than the previous ones! +// You can do it! :) +// +// Edit the `read_and_validate` function ONLY. Don't create any Errors +// that do not already exist. +// +// So many things could go wrong! +// +// - Reading from stdin could produce an io::Error +// - Parsing the input could produce a num::ParseIntError +// - Validating the input could produce a CreationError (defined below) +// +// How can we lump these errors into one general error? That is, what +// type goes where the question marks are, and how do we return +// that type from the body of read_and_validate? +// +// Execute `rustlings hint errorsn` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +use std::error; +use std::fmt; +use std::io; + +// PositiveNonzeroInteger is a struct defined below the tests. +fn read_and_validate(b: &mut dyn io::BufRead) -> Result { + let mut line = String::new(); + b.read_line(&mut line); + let num: i64 = line.trim().parse(); + let answer = PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(num); + answer +} + +// +// Nothing below this needs to be modified +// + +// This is a test helper function that turns a &str into a BufReader. +fn test_with_str(s: &str) -> Result> { + let mut b = io::BufReader::new(s.as_bytes()); + read_and_validate(&mut b) +} + +#[test] +fn test_success() { + let x = test_with_str("42\n"); + assert_eq!(PositiveNonzeroInteger(42), x.unwrap()); +} + +#[test] +fn test_not_num() { + let x = test_with_str("eleven billion\n"); + assert!(x.is_err()); +} + +#[test] +fn test_non_positive() { + let x = test_with_str("-40\n"); + assert!(x.is_err()); +} + +#[test] +fn test_ioerror() { + struct Broken; + impl io::Read for Broken { + fn read(&mut self, _buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result { + Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe, "uh-oh!")) + } + } + let mut b = io::BufReader::new(Broken); + assert!(read_and_validate(&mut b).is_err()); + assert_eq!("uh-oh!", read_and_validate(&mut b).unwrap_err().to_string()); +} + +#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)] +struct PositiveNonzeroInteger(u64); + +impl PositiveNonzeroInteger { + fn new(value: i64) -> Result { + if value == 0 { + Err(CreationError::Zero) + } else if value < 0 { + Err(CreationError::Negative) + } else { + Ok(PositiveNonzeroInteger(value as u64)) + } + } +} + +#[test] +fn test_positive_nonzero_integer_creation() { + assert!(PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(10).is_ok()); + assert_eq!( + Err(CreationError::Negative), + PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(-10) + ); + assert_eq!(Err(CreationError::Zero), PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(0)); +} + +#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)] +enum CreationError { + Negative, + Zero, +} + +impl fmt::Display for CreationError { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { + let description = match *self { + CreationError::Negative => "Number is negative", + CreationError::Zero => "Number is zero", + }; + f.write_str(description) + } +} + +impl error::Error for CreationError {} diff --git a/exercises/error_handling/result1.rs b/exercises/error_handling/result1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b978001 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/error_handling/result1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// result1.rs +// Make this test pass! Execute `rustlings hint result1` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)] +struct PositiveNonzeroInteger(u64); + +#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)] +enum CreationError { + Negative, + Zero, +} + +impl PositiveNonzeroInteger { + fn new(value: i64) -> Result { + Ok(PositiveNonzeroInteger(value as u64)) + } +} + +#[test] +fn test_creation() { + assert!(PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(10).is_ok()); + assert_eq!( + Err(CreationError::Negative), + PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(-10) + ); + assert_eq!(Err(CreationError::Zero), PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(0)); +} diff --git a/exercises/functions/README.md b/exercises/functions/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..66547bd --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/functions/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +# Functions + +Here, you'll learn how to write functions and how Rust's compiler can trace things way back. + +## Further information + +- [How Functions Work](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch03-03-how-functions-work.html) diff --git a/exercises/functions/functions1.rs b/exercises/functions/functions1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3112527 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/functions/functions1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// functions1.rs +// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint functions1` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + call_me(); +} diff --git a/exercises/functions/functions2.rs b/exercises/functions/functions2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5721a17 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/functions/functions2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// functions2.rs +// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint functions2` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + call_me(3); +} + +fn call_me(num:) { + for i in 0..num { + println!("Ring! Call number {}", i + 1); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/functions/functions3.rs b/exercises/functions/functions3.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed5f839 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/functions/functions3.rs @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// functions3.rs +// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint functions3` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + call_me(); +} + +fn call_me(num: u32) { + for i in 0..num { + println!("Ring! Call number {}", i + 1); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/functions/functions4.rs b/exercises/functions/functions4.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..58637e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/functions/functions4.rs @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// functions4.rs +// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint functions4` for hints :) + +// This store is having a sale where if the price is an even number, you get +// 10 Rustbucks off, but if it's an odd number, it's 3 Rustbucks off. + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let original_price = 51; + println!("Your sale price is {}", sale_price(original_price)); +} + +fn sale_price(price: i32) -> { + if is_even(price) { + price - 10 + } else { + price - 3 + } +} + +fn is_even(num: i32) -> bool { + num % 2 == 0 +} diff --git a/exercises/functions/functions5.rs b/exercises/functions/functions5.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d22aa6c --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/functions/functions5.rs @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// functions5.rs +// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint functions5` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let answer = square(3); + println!("The answer is {}", answer); +} + +fn square(num: i32) -> i32 { + num * num; +} diff --git a/exercises/generics/README.md b/exercises/generics/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de46d50 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/generics/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +# Generics + +Generics is the topic of generalizing types and functionalities to broader cases. +This is extremely useful for reducing code duplication in many ways, but can call for rather involving syntax. +Namely, being generic requires taking great care to specify over which types a generic type is actually considered valid. +The simplest and most common use of generics is for type parameters. + +## Further information + +- [Generic Data Types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch10-01-syntax.html) +- [Bounds](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/generics/bounds.html) diff --git a/exercises/generics/generics1.rs b/exercises/generics/generics1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..967287e --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/generics/generics1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// This shopping list program isn't compiling! +// Use your knowledge of generics to fix it. + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let mut shopping_list: Vec = Vec::new(); + shopping_list.push("milk"); +} diff --git a/exercises/generics/generics2.rs b/exercises/generics/generics2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cb59ad --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/generics/generics2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// This powerful wrapper provides the ability to store a positive integer value. +// Rewrite it using generics so that it supports wrapping ANY type. + +// I AM NOT DONE + +struct Wrapper { + value: u32, +} + +impl Wrapper { + pub fn new(value: u32) -> Self { + Wrapper { value } + } +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn store_u32_in_wrapper() { + assert_eq!(Wrapper::new(42).value, 42); + } + + #[test] + fn store_str_in_wrapper() { + assert_eq!(Wrapper::new("Foo").value, "Foo"); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/generics/generics3.rs b/exercises/generics/generics3.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..64dd9bc --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/generics/generics3.rs @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +// An imaginary magical school has a new report card generation system written in Rust! +// Currently the system only supports creating report cards where the student's grade +// is represented numerically (e.g. 1.0 -> 5.5). +// However, the school also issues alphabetical grades (A+ -> F-) and needs +// to be able to print both types of report card! + +// Make the necessary code changes in the struct ReportCard and the impl block +// to support alphabetical report cards. Change the Grade in the second test to "A+" +// to show that your changes allow alphabetical grades. + +// Execute 'rustlings hint generics3' for hints! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +pub struct ReportCard { + pub grade: f32, + pub student_name: String, + pub student_age: u8, +} + +impl ReportCard { + pub fn print(&self) -> String { + format!("{} ({}) - achieved a grade of {}", + &self.student_name, &self.student_age, &self.grade) + } +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn generate_numeric_report_card() { + let report_card = ReportCard { + grade: 2.1, + student_name: "Tom Wriggle".to_string(), + student_age: 12, + }; + assert_eq!( + report_card.print(), + "Tom Wriggle (12) - achieved a grade of 2.1" + ); + } + + #[test] + fn generate_alphabetic_report_card() { + // TODO: Make sure to change the grade here after you finish the exercise. + let report_card = ReportCard { + grade: 2.1, + student_name: "Gary Plotter".to_string(), + student_age: 11, + }; + assert_eq!( + report_card.print(), + "Gary Plotter (11) - achieved a grade of A+" + ); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/if/README.md b/exercises/if/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..528d988 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/if/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +# If + +`if`, the most basic type of control flow, is what you'll learn here. + +## Further information + +- [Control Flow - if expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch03-05-control-flow.html#if-expressions) diff --git a/exercises/if/if1.rs b/exercises/if/if1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9086754 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/if/if1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// if1.rs + +// I AM NOT DONE + +pub fn bigger(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 { + // Complete this function to return the bigger number! + // Do not use: + // - another function call + // - additional variables + // Execute `rustlings hint if1` for hints +} + +// Don't mind this for now :) +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn ten_is_bigger_than_eight() { + assert_eq!(10, bigger(10, 8)); + } + + #[test] + fn fortytwo_is_bigger_than_thirtytwo() { + assert_eq!(42, bigger(32, 42)); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/if/if2.rs b/exercises/if/if2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..80effbd --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/if/if2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// if2.rs + +// Step 1: Make me compile! +// Step 2: Get the bar_for_fuzz and default_to_baz tests passing! +// Execute the command `rustlings hint if2` if you want a hint :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +pub fn fizz_if_foo(fizzish: &str) -> &str { + if fizzish == "fizz" { + "foo" + } else { + 1 + } +} + +// No test changes needed! +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn foo_for_fizz() { + assert_eq!(fizz_if_foo("fizz"), "foo") + } + + #[test] + fn bar_for_fuzz() { + assert_eq!(fizz_if_foo("fuzz"), "bar") + } + + #[test] + fn default_to_baz() { + assert_eq!(fizz_if_foo("literally anything"), "baz") + } +} diff --git a/exercises/macros/README.md b/exercises/macros/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..319d840 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/macros/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +# Macros + +Rust's macro system is very powerful, but also kind of difficult to wrap your +head around. We're not going to teach you how to write your own fully-featured +macros. Instead, we'll show you how to use and create them. + +## Further information + +- [Macros](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) +- [The Little Book of Rust Macros](https://danielkeep.github.io/tlborm/book/index.html) diff --git a/exercises/macros/macros1.rs b/exercises/macros/macros1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed0dac8 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/macros/macros1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// macros1.rs +// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint macros1` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +macro_rules! my_macro { + () => { + println!("Check out my macro!"); + }; +} + +fn main() { + my_macro(); +} diff --git a/exercises/macros/macros2.rs b/exercises/macros/macros2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d0be123 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/macros/macros2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// macros2.rs +// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint macros2` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + my_macro!(); +} + +macro_rules! my_macro { + () => { + println!("Check out my macro!"); + }; +} diff --git a/exercises/macros/macros3.rs b/exercises/macros/macros3.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..93a4311 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/macros/macros3.rs @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// macros3.rs +// Make me compile, without taking the macro out of the module! +// Execute `rustlings hint macros3` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +mod macros { + macro_rules! my_macro { + () => { + println!("Check out my macro!"); + }; + } +} + +fn main() { + my_macro!(); +} diff --git a/exercises/macros/macros4.rs b/exercises/macros/macros4.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a74807 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/macros/macros4.rs @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// macros4.rs +// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint macros4` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +macro_rules! my_macro { + () => { + println!("Check out my macro!"); + } + ($val:expr) => { + println!("Look at this other macro: {}", $val); + } +} + +fn main() { + my_macro!(); + my_macro!(7777); +} diff --git a/exercises/modules/README.md b/exercises/modules/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6582b00 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/modules/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +# Modules + +In this section we'll give you an introduction to Rust's module system. + +## Further information + +- [The Module System](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.html) diff --git a/exercises/modules/modules1.rs b/exercises/modules/modules1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..812dfee --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/modules/modules1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// modules1.rs +// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint modules1` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +mod sausage_factory { + fn make_sausage() { + println!("sausage!"); + } +} + +fn main() { + sausage_factory::make_sausage(); +} diff --git a/exercises/modules/modules2.rs b/exercises/modules/modules2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fde439d --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/modules/modules2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// modules2.rs +// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint modules2` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +mod delicious_snacks { + use self::fruits::PEAR as fruit; + use self::veggies::CUCUMBER as veggie; + + mod fruits { + pub const PEAR: &'static str = "Pear"; + pub const APPLE: &'static str = "Apple"; + } + + mod veggies { + pub const CUCUMBER: &'static str = "Cucumber"; + pub const CARROT: &'static str = "Carrot"; + } +} + +fn main() { + println!( + "favorite snacks: {} and {}", + delicious_snacks::fruit, + delicious_snacks::veggie + ); +} diff --git a/exercises/move_semantics/README.md b/exercises/move_semantics/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..54ddd8e --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/move_semantics/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +# Move Semantics + +These exercises are adapted from [pnkfelix](https://github.com/pnkfelix)'s [Rust Tutorial](https://pnkfelix.github.io/rust-examples-icfp2014/) -- Thank you Felix!!! + +## Further information + +For this section, the book links are especially important. + +- [Ownership](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html) +- [Reference and borrowing](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html) diff --git a/exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics1.rs b/exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2f5876 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// move_semantics1.rs +// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint move_semantics1` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let vec0 = Vec::new(); + + let vec1 = fill_vec(vec0); + + println!("{} has length {} content `{:?}`", "vec1", vec1.len(), vec1); + + vec1.push(88); + + println!("{} has length {} content `{:?}`", "vec1", vec1.len(), vec1); +} + +fn fill_vec(vec: Vec) -> Vec { + let mut vec = vec; + + vec.push(22); + vec.push(44); + vec.push(66); + + vec +} diff --git a/exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics2.rs b/exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd21fbb --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// move_semantics2.rs +// Make me compile without changing line 13! +// Execute `rustlings hint move_semantics2` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let vec0 = Vec::new(); + + let mut vec1 = fill_vec(vec0); + + // Do not change the following line! + println!("{} has length {} content `{:?}`", "vec0", vec0.len(), vec0); + + vec1.push(88); + + println!("{} has length {} content `{:?}`", "vec1", vec1.len(), vec1); +} + +fn fill_vec(vec: Vec) -> Vec { + let mut vec = vec; + + vec.push(22); + vec.push(44); + vec.push(66); + + vec +} diff --git a/exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics3.rs b/exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics3.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43fef74 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics3.rs @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// move_semantics3.rs +// Make me compile without adding new lines-- just changing existing lines! +// (no lines with multiple semicolons necessary!) +// Execute `rustlings hint move_semantics3` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let vec0 = Vec::new(); + + let mut vec1 = fill_vec(vec0); + + println!("{} has length {} content `{:?}`", "vec1", vec1.len(), vec1); + + vec1.push(88); + + println!("{} has length {} content `{:?}`", "vec1", vec1.len(), vec1); +} + +fn fill_vec(vec: Vec) -> Vec { + vec.push(22); + vec.push(44); + vec.push(66); + + vec +} diff --git a/exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics4.rs b/exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics4.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a23c71 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics4.rs @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// move_semantics4.rs +// Refactor this code so that instead of having `vec0` and creating the vector +// in `fn main`, we create it within `fn fill_vec` and transfer the +// freshly created vector from fill_vec to its caller. +// Execute `rustlings hint move_semantics4` for hints! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let vec0 = Vec::new(); + + let mut vec1 = fill_vec(vec0); + + println!("{} has length {} content `{:?}`", "vec1", vec1.len(), vec1); + + vec1.push(88); + + println!("{} has length {} content `{:?}`", "vec1", vec1.len(), vec1); +} + +// `fill_vec()` no longer takes `vec: Vec` as argument +fn fill_vec() -> Vec { + let mut vec = vec; + + vec.push(22); + vec.push(44); + vec.push(66); + + vec +} diff --git a/exercises/option/README.md b/exercises/option/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a304bb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/option/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +# Option + +Type Option represents an optional value: every Option is either Some and contains a value, or None, and does not. +Option types are very common in Rust code, as they have a number of uses: +- Initial values +- Return values for functions that are not defined over their entire input range (partial functions) +- Return value for otherwise reporting simple errors, where None is returned on error +- Optional struct fields +- Struct fields that can be loaned or "taken" +- Optional function arguments +- Nullable pointers +- Swapping things out of difficult situations + +## Further Information + +- [Option Enum Format](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch10-01-syntax.html#in-enum-definitions) +- [Option Module Documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/) +- [Option Enum Documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum.Option.html) diff --git a/exercises/option/option1.rs b/exercises/option/option1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..602ff1a --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/option/option1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// option1.rs +// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint option1` for hints + +// I AM NOT DONE + +// you can modify anything EXCEPT for this function's sig +fn print_number(maybe_number: Option) { + println!("printing: {}", maybe_number.unwrap()); +} + +fn main() { + print_number(13); + print_number(99); + + let mut numbers: [Option; 5]; + for iter in 0..5 { + let number_to_add: u16 = { + ((iter * 1235) + 2) / (4 * 16) + }; + + numbers[iter as usize] = number_to_add; + } +} diff --git a/exercises/option/option2.rs b/exercises/option/option2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6b83ec --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/option/option2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// option2.rs +// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint option2` for hints + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let optional_word = Some(String::from("rustlings")); + // TODO: Make this an if let statement whose value is "Some" type + word = optional_word { + println!("The word is: {}", word); + } else { + println!("The optional word doesn't contain anything"); + } + + let mut optional_integers_vec: Vec> = Vec::new(); + for x in 1..10 { + optional_integers_vec.push(Some(x)); + } + + // TODO: make this a while let statement - remember that vector.pop also adds another layer of Option + // You can stack `Option`'s into while let and if let + integer = optional_integers_vec.pop() { + println!("current value: {}", integer); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/primitive_types/README.md b/exercises/primitive_types/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cea69b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/primitive_types/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# Primitive Types + +Rust has a couple of basic types that are directly implemented into the +compiler. In this section, we'll go through the most important ones. + +## Further information + +- [Data Types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch03-02-data-types.html) +- [The Slice Type](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch04-03-slices.html) diff --git a/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types1.rs b/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0912139 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// primitive_types1.rs +// Fill in the rest of the line that has code missing! +// No hints, there's no tricks, just get used to typing these :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + // Booleans (`bool`) + + let is_morning = true; + if is_morning { + println!("Good morning!"); + } + + let // Finish the rest of this line like the example! Or make it be false! + if is_evening { + println!("Good evening!"); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types2.rs b/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6576a4d --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// primitive_types2.rs +// Fill in the rest of the line that has code missing! +// No hints, there's no tricks, just get used to typing these :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + // Characters (`char`) + + let my_first_initial = 'C'; + if my_first_initial.is_alphabetic() { + println!("Alphabetical!"); + } else if my_first_initial.is_numeric() { + println!("Numerical!"); + } else { + println!("Neither alphabetic nor numeric!"); + } + + let // Finish this line like the example! What's your favorite character? + // Try a letter, try a number, try a special character, try a character + // from a different language than your own, try an emoji! + if your_character.is_alphabetic() { + println!("Alphabetical!"); + } else if your_character.is_numeric() { + println!("Numerical!"); + } else { + println!("Neither alphabetic nor numeric!"); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types3.rs b/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types3.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aaa518b --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types3.rs @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// primitive_types3.rs +// Create an array with at least 100 elements in it where the ??? is. +// Execute `rustlings hint primitive_types3` for hints! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let a = ??? + + if a.len() >= 100 { + println!("Wow, that's a big array!"); + } else { + println!("Meh, I eat arrays like that for breakfast."); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types4.rs b/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types4.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..10b553e --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types4.rs @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// primitive_types4.rs +// Get a slice out of Array a where the ??? is so that the test passes. +// Execute `rustlings hint primitive_types4` for hints!! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +#[test] +fn slice_out_of_array() { + let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; + + let nice_slice = ??? + + assert_eq!([2, 3, 4], nice_slice) +} diff --git a/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types5.rs b/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types5.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..680d8d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types5.rs @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// primitive_types5.rs +// Destructure the `cat` tuple so that the println will work. +// Execute `rustlings hint primitive_types5` for hints! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let cat = ("Furry McFurson", 3.5); + let /* your pattern here */ = cat; + + println!("{} is {} years old.", name, age); +} diff --git a/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types6.rs b/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types6.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b8c9b82 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types6.rs @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// primitive_types6.rs +// Use a tuple index to access the second element of `numbers`. +// You can put the expression for the second element where ??? is so that the test passes. +// Execute `rustlings hint primitive_types6` for hints! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +#[test] +fn indexing_tuple() { + let numbers = (1, 2, 3); + // Replace below ??? with the tuple indexing syntax. + let second = ???; + + assert_eq!(2, second, + "This is not the 2nd number in the tuple!") +} diff --git a/exercises/quiz1.rs b/exercises/quiz1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c5c355 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/quiz1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// quiz1.rs +// This is a quiz for the following sections: +// - Variables +// - Functions + +// Mary is buying apples. One apple usually costs 2 Rustbucks, but if you buy +// more than 40 at once, each apple only costs 1! Write a function that calculates +// the price of an order of apples given the order amount. No hints this time! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +// Put your function here! +// fn ..... { + +// Don't modify this function! +#[test] +fn verify_test() { + let price1 = calculate_apple_price(35); + let price2 = calculate_apple_price(65); + + assert_eq!(70, price1); + assert_eq!(65, price2); +} diff --git a/exercises/quiz2.rs b/exercises/quiz2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de0dce9 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/quiz2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// quiz2.rs +// This is a quiz for the following sections: +// - Strings + +// Ok, here are a bunch of values-- some are `String`s, some are `&str`s. Your +// task is to call one of these two functions on each value depending on what +// you think each value is. That is, add either `string_slice` or `string` +// before the parentheses on each line. If you're right, it will compile! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn string_slice(arg: &str) { + println!("{}", arg); +} +fn string(arg: String) { + println!("{}", arg); +} + +fn main() { + ???("blue"); + ???("red".to_string()); + ???(String::from("hi")); + ???("rust is fun!".to_owned()); + ???("nice weather".into()); + ???(format!("Interpolation {}", "Station")); + ???(&String::from("abc")[0..1]); + ???(" hello there ".trim()); + ???("Happy Monday!".to_string().replace("Mon", "Tues")); + ???("mY sHiFt KeY iS sTiCkY".to_lowercase()); +} diff --git a/exercises/quiz3.rs b/exercises/quiz3.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fae0eed --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/quiz3.rs @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// quiz3.rs +// This is a quiz for the following sections: +// - Tests + +// This quiz isn't testing our function -- make it do that in such a way that +// the test passes. Then write a second test that tests that we get the result +// we expect to get when we call `times_two` with a negative number. +// No hints, you can do this :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +pub fn times_two(num: i32) -> i32 { + num * 2 +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn returns_twice_of_positive_numbers() { + assert_eq!(times_two(4), ???); + } + + #[test] + fn returns_twice_of_negative_numbers() { + // TODO replace unimplemented!() with an assert for `times_two(-4)` + unimplemented!() + } +} diff --git a/exercises/quiz4.rs b/exercises/quiz4.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c47480 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/quiz4.rs @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// quiz4.rs +// This quiz covers the sections: +// - Modules +// - Macros + +// Write a macro that passes the quiz! No hints this time, you can do it! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn test_my_macro_world() { + assert_eq!(my_macro!("world!"), "Hello world!"); + } + + #[test] + fn test_my_macro_goodbye() { + assert_eq!(my_macro!("goodbye!"), "Hello goodbye!"); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/standard_library_types/README.md b/exercises/standard_library_types/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..809d61f --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/standard_library_types/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +# Standard library types + +This section will teach you about Box, Shared-State Concurrency and Iterators. + +## Further information + +- [Using Box to Point to Data on the Heap](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch15-01-box.html) +- [Shared-State Concurrency](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch16-03-shared-state.html) +- [Iterator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-02-iterators.html) +- [Iterator documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/) diff --git a/exercises/standard_library_types/arc1.rs b/exercises/standard_library_types/arc1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d167380 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/standard_library_types/arc1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +// arc1.rs +// In this exercise, we are given a Vec of u32 called "numbers" with values ranging +// from 0 to 99 -- [ 0, 1, 2, ..., 98, 99 ] +// We would like to use this set of numbers within 8 different threads simultaneously. +// Each thread is going to get the sum of every eighth value, with an offset. +// The first thread (offset 0), will sum 0, 8, 16, ... +// The second thread (offset 1), will sum 1, 9, 17, ... +// The third thread (offset 2), will sum 2, 10, 18, ... +// ... +// The eighth thread (offset 7), will sum 7, 15, 23, ... + +// Because we are using threads, our values need to be thread-safe. Therefore, +// we are using Arc. We need to make a change in each of the two TODOs. + + +// Make this code compile by filling in a value for `shared_numbers` where the +// first TODO comment is, and create an initial binding for `child_numbers` +// where the second TODO comment is. Try not to create any copies of the `numbers` Vec! +// Execute `rustlings hint arc1` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +#![forbid(unused_imports)] // Do not change this, (or the next) line. +use std::sync::Arc; +use std::thread; + +fn main() { + let numbers: Vec<_> = (0..100u32).collect(); + let shared_numbers = // TODO + let mut joinhandles = Vec::new(); + + for offset in 0..8 { + let child_numbers = // TODO + joinhandles.push(thread::spawn(move || { + let mut i = offset; + let mut sum = 0; + while i < child_numbers.len() { + sum += child_numbers[i]; + i += 8; + } + println!("Sum of offset {} is {}", offset, sum); + })); + } + for handle in joinhandles.into_iter() { + handle.join().unwrap(); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/standard_library_types/box1.rs b/exercises/standard_library_types/box1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f312f3d --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/standard_library_types/box1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +// box1.rs +// +// At compile time, Rust needs to know how much space a type takes up. This becomes problematic +// for recursive types, where a value can have as part of itself another value of the same type. +// To get around the issue, we can use a `Box` - a smart pointer used to store data on the heap, +// which also allows us to wrap a recursive type. +// +// The recursive type we're implementing in this exercise is the `cons list` - a data structure +// frequently found in functional programming languages. Each item in a cons list contains two +// elements: the value of the current item and the next item. The last item is a value called `Nil`. +// +// Step 1: use a `Box` in the enum definition to make the code compile +// Step 2: create both empty and non-empty cons lists by replacing `unimplemented!()` +// +// Note: the tests should not be changed +// +// Execute `rustlings hint box1` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)] +pub enum List { + Cons(i32, List), + Nil, +} + +fn main() { + println!("This is an empty cons list: {:?}", create_empty_list()); + println!( + "This is a non-empty cons list: {:?}", + create_non_empty_list() + ); +} + +pub fn create_empty_list() -> List { + unimplemented!() +} + +pub fn create_non_empty_list() -> List { + unimplemented!() +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn test_create_empty_list() { + assert_eq!(List::Nil, create_empty_list()) + } + + #[test] + fn test_create_non_empty_list() { + assert_ne!(create_empty_list(), create_non_empty_list()) + } +} diff --git a/exercises/standard_library_types/iterators1.rs b/exercises/standard_library_types/iterators1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3fd519d --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/standard_library_types/iterators1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// iterators1.rs +// +// Make me compile by filling in the `???`s +// +// When performing operations on elements within a collection, iterators are essential. +// This module helps you get familiar with the structure of using an iterator and +// how to go through elements within an iterable collection. +// +// Execute `rustlings hint iterators1` for hints :D + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main () { + let my_fav_fruits = vec!["banana", "custard apple", "avocado", "peach", "raspberry"]; + + let mut my_iterable_fav_fruits = ???; // TODO: Step 1 + + assert_eq!(my_iterable_fav_fruits.next(), Some(&"banana")); + assert_eq!(my_iterable_fav_fruits.next(), ???); // TODO: Step 2 + assert_eq!(my_iterable_fav_fruits.next(), Some(&"avocado")); + assert_eq!(my_iterable_fav_fruits.next(), ???); // TODO: Step 2.1 + assert_eq!(my_iterable_fav_fruits.next(), Some(&"raspberry")); + assert_eq!(my_iterable_fav_fruits.next(), ???); // TODO: Step 3 +} diff --git a/exercises/standard_library_types/iterators2.rs b/exercises/standard_library_types/iterators2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87b4eaa --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/standard_library_types/iterators2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +// iterators2.rs +// In this exercise, you'll learn some of the unique advantages that iterators +// can offer. Follow the steps to complete the exercise. +// As always, there are hints if you execute `rustlings hint iterators2`! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +// Step 1. +// Complete the `capitalize_first` function. +// "hello" -> "Hello" +pub fn capitalize_first(input: &str) -> String { + let mut c = input.chars(); + match c.next() { + None => String::new(), + Some(first) => ???, + } +} + +// Step 2. +// Apply the `capitalize_first` function to a slice of string slices. +// Return a vector of strings. +// ["hello", "world"] -> ["Hello", "World"] +pub fn capitalize_words_vector(words: &[&str]) -> Vec { + vec![] +} + +// Step 3. +// Apply the `capitalize_first` function again to a slice of string slices. +// Return a single string. +// ["hello", " ", "world"] -> "Hello World" +pub fn capitalize_words_string(words: &[&str]) -> String { + String::new() +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn test_success() { + assert_eq!(capitalize_first("hello"), "Hello"); + } + + #[test] + fn test_empty() { + assert_eq!(capitalize_first(""), ""); + } + + #[test] + fn test_iterate_string_vec() { + let words = vec!["hello", "world"]; + assert_eq!(capitalize_words_vector(&words), ["Hello", "World"]); + } + + #[test] + fn test_iterate_into_string() { + let words = vec!["hello", " ", "world"]; + assert_eq!(capitalize_words_string(&words), "Hello World"); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/standard_library_types/iterators3.rs b/exercises/standard_library_types/iterators3.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c66c05 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/standard_library_types/iterators3.rs @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +// iterators3.rs +// This is a bigger exercise than most of the others! You can do it! +// Here is your mission, should you choose to accept it: +// 1. Complete the divide function to get the first four tests to pass. +// 2. Get the remaining tests to pass by completing the result_with_list and +// list_of_results functions. +// Execute `rustlings hint iterators3` to get some hints! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)] +pub enum DivisionError { + NotDivisible(NotDivisibleError), + DivideByZero, +} + +#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)] +pub struct NotDivisibleError { + dividend: i32, + divisor: i32, +} + +// Calculate `a` divided by `b` if `a` is evenly divisible by `b`. +// Otherwise, return a suitable error. +pub fn divide(a: i32, b: i32) -> Result {} + +// Complete the function and return a value of the correct type so the test passes. +// Desired output: Ok([1, 11, 1426, 3]) +fn result_with_list() -> () { + let numbers = vec![27, 297, 38502, 81]; + let division_results = numbers.into_iter().map(|n| divide(n, 27)); +} + +// Complete the function and return a value of the correct type so the test passes. +// Desired output: [Ok(1), Ok(11), Ok(1426), Ok(3)] +fn list_of_results() -> () { + let numbers = vec![27, 297, 38502, 81]; + let division_results = numbers.into_iter().map(|n| divide(n, 27)); +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn test_success() { + assert_eq!(divide(81, 9), Ok(9)); + } + + #[test] + fn test_not_divisible() { + assert_eq!( + divide(81, 6), + Err(DivisionError::NotDivisible(NotDivisibleError { + dividend: 81, + divisor: 6 + })) + ); + } + + #[test] + fn test_divide_by_0() { + assert_eq!(divide(81, 0), Err(DivisionError::DivideByZero)); + } + + #[test] + fn test_divide_0_by_something() { + assert_eq!(divide(0, 81), Ok(0)); + } + + #[test] + fn test_result_with_list() { + assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", result_with_list()), "Ok([1, 11, 1426, 3])"); + } + + #[test] + fn test_list_of_results() { + assert_eq!( + format!("{:?}", list_of_results()), + "[Ok(1), Ok(11), Ok(1426), Ok(3)]" + ); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/standard_library_types/iterators4.rs b/exercises/standard_library_types/iterators4.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8886283 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/standard_library_types/iterators4.rs @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// iterators4.rs + +// I AM NOT DONE + +pub fn factorial(num: u64) -> u64 { + // Complete this function to return the factorial of num + // Do not use: + // - return + // Try not to use: + // - imperative style loops (for, while) + // - additional variables + // For an extra challenge, don't use: + // - recursion + // Execute `rustlings hint iterators4` for hints. +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn factorial_of_1() { + assert_eq!(1, factorial(1)); + } + #[test] + fn factorial_of_2() { + assert_eq!(2, factorial(2)); + } + + #[test] + fn factorial_of_4() { + assert_eq!(24, factorial(4)); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/standard_library_types/iterators5.rs b/exercises/standard_library_types/iterators5.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d97bd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/standard_library_types/iterators5.rs @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +// iterators5.rs + +// Let's define a simple model to track Rustlings exercise progress. Progress +// will be modelled using a hash map. The name of the exercise is the key and +// the progress is the value. Two counting functions were created to count the +// number of exercises with a given progress. These counting functions use +// imperative style for loops. Recreate this counting functionality using +// iterators. Only the two iterator methods (count_iterator and +// count_collection_iterator) need to be modified. +// Execute `rustlings hint +// iterators5` for hints. +// +// Make the code compile and the tests pass. + +// I AM NOT DONE + +use std::collections::HashMap; + +#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)] +enum Progress { + None, + Some, + Complete, +} + +fn count_for(map: &HashMap, value: Progress) -> usize { + let mut count = 0; + for val in map.values() { + if val == &value { + count += 1; + } + } + count +} + +fn count_iterator(map: &HashMap, value: Progress) -> usize { + // map is a hashmap with String keys and Progress values. + // map = { "variables1": Complete, "from_str": None, ... } +} + +fn count_collection_for(collection: &[HashMap], value: Progress) -> usize { + let mut count = 0; + for map in collection { + for val in map.values() { + if val == &value { + count += 1; + } + } + } + count +} + +fn count_collection_iterator(collection: &[HashMap], value: Progress) -> usize { + // collection is a slice of hashmaps. + // collection = [{ "variables1": Complete, "from_str": None, ... }, + // { "variables2": Complete, ... }, ... ] +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn count_complete() { + let map = get_map(); + assert_eq!(3, count_iterator(&map, Progress::Complete)); + } + + #[test] + fn count_equals_for() { + let map = get_map(); + assert_eq!( + count_for(&map, Progress::Complete), + count_iterator(&map, Progress::Complete) + ); + } + + #[test] + fn count_collection_complete() { + let collection = get_vec_map(); + assert_eq!( + 6, + count_collection_iterator(&collection, Progress::Complete) + ); + } + + #[test] + fn count_collection_equals_for() { + let collection = get_vec_map(); + assert_eq!( + count_collection_for(&collection, Progress::Complete), + count_collection_iterator(&collection, Progress::Complete) + ); + } + + fn get_map() -> HashMap { + use Progress::*; + + let mut map = HashMap::new(); + map.insert(String::from("variables1"), Complete); + map.insert(String::from("functions1"), Complete); + map.insert(String::from("hashmap1"), Complete); + map.insert(String::from("arc1"), Some); + map.insert(String::from("as_ref_mut"), None); + map.insert(String::from("from_str"), None); + + map + } + + fn get_vec_map() -> Vec> { + use Progress::*; + + let map = get_map(); + + let mut other = HashMap::new(); + other.insert(String::from("variables2"), Complete); + other.insert(String::from("functions2"), Complete); + other.insert(String::from("if1"), Complete); + other.insert(String::from("from_into"), None); + other.insert(String::from("try_from_into"), None); + + vec![map, other] + } +} diff --git a/exercises/strings/README.md b/exercises/strings/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa2104c --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/strings/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# Strings + +Rust has two string types, a string slice (`&str`) and an owned string (`String`). +We're not going to dictate when you should use which one, but we'll show you how +to identify and create them, as well as use them. + +## Further information + +- [Strings](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch08-02-strings.html) diff --git a/exercises/strings/strings1.rs b/exercises/strings/strings1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8090244 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/strings/strings1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// strings1.rs +// Make me compile without changing the function signature! +// Execute `rustlings hint strings1` for hints ;) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let answer = current_favorite_color(); + println!("My current favorite color is {}", answer); +} + +fn current_favorite_color() -> String { + "blue" +} diff --git a/exercises/strings/strings2.rs b/exercises/strings/strings2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a2ce74 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/strings/strings2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// strings2.rs +// Make me compile without changing the function signature! +// Execute `rustlings hint strings2` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let word = String::from("green"); // Try not changing this line :) + if is_a_color_word(word) { + println!("That is a color word I know!"); + } else { + println!("That is not a color word I know."); + } +} + +fn is_a_color_word(attempt: &str) -> bool { + attempt == "green" || attempt == "blue" || attempt == "red" +} diff --git a/exercises/structs/README.md b/exercises/structs/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3fc1fdc --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/structs/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Structs + +Rust has three struct types: a classic C struct, a tuple struct, and a unit struct. + +## Further information + +- [Structures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html) +- [Method Syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch05-03-method-syntax.html) diff --git a/exercises/structs/structs1.rs b/exercises/structs/structs1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6d0b2f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/structs/structs1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// structs1.rs +// Address all the TODOs to make the tests pass! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +struct ColorClassicStruct { + // TODO: Something goes here +} + +struct ColorTupleStruct(/* TODO: Something goes here */); + +#[derive(Debug)] +struct UnitStruct; + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn classic_c_structs() { + // TODO: Instantiate a classic c struct! + // let green = + + assert_eq!(green.name, "green"); + assert_eq!(green.hex, "#00FF00"); + } + + #[test] + fn tuple_structs() { + // TODO: Instantiate a tuple struct! + // let green = + + assert_eq!(green.0, "green"); + assert_eq!(green.1, "#00FF00"); + } + + #[test] + fn unit_structs() { + // TODO: Instantiate a unit struct! + // let unit_struct = + let message = format!("{:?}s are fun!", unit_struct); + + assert_eq!(message, "UnitStructs are fun!"); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/structs/structs2.rs b/exercises/structs/structs2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f9c6427 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/structs/structs2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// structs2.rs +// Address all the TODOs to make the tests pass! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +#[derive(Debug)] +struct Order { + name: String, + year: u32, + made_by_phone: bool, + made_by_mobile: bool, + made_by_email: bool, + item_number: u32, + count: u32, +} + +fn create_order_template() -> Order { + Order { + name: String::from("Bob"), + year: 2019, + made_by_phone: false, + made_by_mobile: false, + made_by_email: true, + item_number: 123, + count: 0, + } +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn your_order() { + let order_template = create_order_template(); + // TODO: Create your own order using the update syntax and template above! + // let your_order = + assert_eq!(your_order.name, "Hacker in Rust"); + assert_eq!(your_order.year, order_template.year); + assert_eq!(your_order.made_by_phone, order_template.made_by_phone); + assert_eq!(your_order.made_by_mobile, order_template.made_by_mobile); + assert_eq!(your_order.made_by_email, order_template.made_by_email); + assert_eq!(your_order.item_number, order_template.item_number); + assert_eq!(your_order.count, 1); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/structs/structs3.rs b/exercises/structs/structs3.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d8b471 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/structs/structs3.rs @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +// structs3.rs +// Structs contain data, but can also have logic. In this exercise we have +// defined the Package struct and we want to test some logic attached to it. +// Make the code compile and the tests pass! +// If you have issues execute `rustlings hint structs3` + +// I AM NOT DONE + +#[derive(Debug)] +struct Package { + sender_country: String, + recipient_country: String, + weight_in_grams: i32, +} + +impl Package { + fn new(sender_country: String, recipient_country: String, weight_in_grams: i32) -> Package { + if weight_in_grams <= 0 { + // Something goes here... + } else { + return Package { + sender_country, + recipient_country, + weight_in_grams, + }; + } + } + + fn is_international(&self) -> ??? { + // Something goes here... + } + + fn get_fees(&self, cents_per_gram: i32) -> ??? { + // Something goes here... + } +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + #[should_panic] + fn fail_creating_weightless_package() { + let sender_country = String::from("Spain"); + let recipient_country = String::from("Austria"); + + Package::new(sender_country, recipient_country, -2210); + } + + #[test] + fn create_international_package() { + let sender_country = String::from("Spain"); + let recipient_country = String::from("Russia"); + + let package = Package::new(sender_country, recipient_country, 1200); + + assert!(package.is_international()); + } + + #[test] + fn create_local_package() { + let sender_country = String::from("Canada"); + let recipient_country = sender_country.clone(); + + let package = Package::new(sender_country, recipient_country, 1200); + + assert!(!package.is_international()); + } + + #[test] + fn calculate_transport_fees() { + let sender_country = String::from("Spain"); + let recipient_country = String::from("Spain"); + + let cents_per_gram = ???; + + let package = Package::new(sender_country, recipient_country, 1500); + + assert_eq!(package.get_fees(cents_per_gram), 4500); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/tests/README.md b/exercises/tests/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..27c6818 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/tests/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +# Tests + +Going out of order from the book to cover tests -- many of the following exercises will ask you to make tests pass! + +## Further information + +- [Writing Tests](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch11-01-writing-tests.html) diff --git a/exercises/tests/tests1.rs b/exercises/tests/tests1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..50586a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/tests/tests1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// tests1.rs +// Tests are important to ensure that your code does what you think it should do. +// Tests can be run on this file with the following command: +// rustlings run tests1 + +// This test has a problem with it -- make the test compile! Make the test +// pass! Make the test fail! Execute `rustlings hint tests1` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + #[test] + fn you_can_assert() { + assert!(); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/tests/tests2.rs b/exercises/tests/tests2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d981ad --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/tests/tests2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// tests2.rs +// This test has a problem with it -- make the test compile! Make the test +// pass! Make the test fail! Execute `rustlings hint tests2` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + #[test] + fn you_can_assert_eq() { + assert_eq!(); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/tests/tests3.rs b/exercises/tests/tests3.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3424f94 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/tests/tests3.rs @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// tests3.rs +// This test isn't testing our function -- make it do that in such a way that +// the test passes. Then write a second test that tests whether we get the result +// we expect to get when we call `is_even(5)`. +// Execute `rustlings hint tests3` for hints :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +pub fn is_even(num: i32) -> bool { + num % 2 == 0 +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn is_true_when_even() { + assert!(); + } + + #[test] + fn is_false_when_odd() { + assert!(); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/threads/README.md b/exercises/threads/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d086694 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/threads/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# Threads + +In most current operating systems, an executed program’s code is run in a process, and the operating system manages multiple processes at once. +Within your program, you can also have independent parts that run simultaneously. The features that run these independent parts are called threads. + +## Further information + +- [Dining Philosophers example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.4.0/book/dining-philosophers.html) +- [Using Threads to Run Code Simultaneously](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch16-01-threads.html) diff --git a/exercises/threads/threads1.rs b/exercises/threads/threads1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f31b317 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/threads/threads1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// threads1.rs +// Make this compile! Execute `rustlings hint threads1` for hints :) +// The idea is the thread spawned on line 22 is completing jobs while the main thread is +// monitoring progress until 10 jobs are completed. Because of the difference between the +// spawned threads' sleep time, and the waiting threads sleep time, when you see 6 lines +// of "waiting..." and the program ends without timing out when running, +// you've got it :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +use std::sync::Arc; +use std::thread; +use std::time::Duration; + +struct JobStatus { + jobs_completed: u32, +} + +fn main() { + let status = Arc::new(JobStatus { jobs_completed: 0 }); + let status_shared = status.clone(); + thread::spawn(move || { + for _ in 0..10 { + thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(250)); + status_shared.jobs_completed += 1; + } + }); + while status.jobs_completed < 10 { + println!("waiting... "); + thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/traits/README.md b/exercises/traits/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de67acd --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/traits/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +# Traits + +A trait is a collection of methods. + +Data types can implement traits. To do so, the methods making up the trait are defined for the data type. For example, the `String` data type implements the `From<&str>` trait. This allows a user to write `String::from("hello")`. + +In this way, traits are somewhat similar to Java interfaces and C++ abstract classes. + +Some additional common Rust traits include: +- `Clone` (the `clone` method) +- `Display` (which allows formatted display via `{}`) +- `Debug` (which allows formatted display via `{:?}`) + +Because traits indicate shared behavior between data types, they are useful when writing generics. + + +## Further information + +- [Traits](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch10-02-traits.html) diff --git a/exercises/traits/traits1.rs b/exercises/traits/traits1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ef9e11 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/traits/traits1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// traits1.rs +// Time to implement some traits! +// +// Your task is to implement the trait +// `AppendBar' for the type `String'. +// +// The trait AppendBar has only one function, +// which appends "Bar" to any object +// implementing this trait. + +// I AM NOT DONE + +trait AppendBar { + fn append_bar(self) -> Self; +} + +impl AppendBar for String { + //Add your code here +} + +fn main() { + let s = String::from("Foo"); + let s = s.append_bar(); + println!("s: {}", s); +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn is_FooBar() { + assert_eq!(String::from("Foo").append_bar(), String::from("FooBar")); + } + + #[test] + fn is_BarBar() { + assert_eq!( + String::from("").append_bar().append_bar(), + String::from("BarBar") + ); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/traits/traits2.rs b/exercises/traits/traits2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..916c3c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/traits/traits2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// traits2.rs +// +// Your task is to implement the trait +// `AppendBar' for a vector of strings. +// +// To implement this trait, consider for +// a moment what it means to 'append "Bar"' +// to a vector of strings. +// +// No boiler plate code this time, +// you can do this! + +// I AM NOT DONE + +trait AppendBar { + fn append_bar(self) -> Self; +} + +//TODO: Add your code here + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::*; + + #[test] + fn is_vec_pop_eq_bar() { + let mut foo = vec![String::from("Foo")].append_bar(); + assert_eq!(foo.pop().unwrap(), String::from("Bar")); + assert_eq!(foo.pop().unwrap(), String::from("Foo")); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/variables/README.md b/exercises/variables/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..11a7a78 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/variables/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# Variables + +In Rust, variables are immutable by default. +When a variable is immutable, once a value is bound to a name, you can’t change that value. +You can make them mutable by adding mut in front of the variable name. + +## Further information + +- [Variables and Mutability](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html) diff --git a/exercises/variables/variables1.rs b/exercises/variables/variables1.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a3af73 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/variables/variables1.rs @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// variables1.rs +// Make me compile! Execute the command `rustlings hint variables1` if you want a hint :) + +// About this `I AM NOT DONE` thing: +// We sometimes encourage you to keep trying things on a given exercise, +// even after you already figured it out. If you got everything working and +// feel ready for the next exercise, remove the `I AM NOT DONE` comment below. + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + x = 5; + println!("x has the value {}", x); +} diff --git a/exercises/variables/variables2.rs b/exercises/variables/variables2.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7774a8f --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/variables/variables2.rs @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// variables2.rs +// Make me compile! Execute the command `rustlings hint variables2` if you want a hint :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let x; + if x == 10 { + println!("Ten!"); + } else { + println!("Not ten!"); + } +} diff --git a/exercises/variables/variables3.rs b/exercises/variables/variables3.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..30ec48f --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/variables/variables3.rs @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// variables3.rs +// Make me compile! Execute the command `rustlings hint variables3` if you want a hint :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let x = 3; + println!("Number {}", x); + x = 5; // don't change this line + println!("Number {}", x); +} diff --git a/exercises/variables/variables4.rs b/exercises/variables/variables4.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..77f1e9a --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/variables/variables4.rs @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// variables4.rs +// Make me compile! Execute the command `rustlings hint variables4` if you want a hint :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let x: i32; + println!("Number {}", x); +} diff --git a/exercises/variables/variables5.rs b/exercises/variables/variables5.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da37ae9 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/variables/variables5.rs @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// variables5.rs +// Make me compile! Execute the command `rustlings hint variables5` if you want a hint :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +fn main() { + let number = "T-H-R-E-E"; + println!("Spell a Number : {}", number); + number = 3; + println!("Number plus two is : {}", number + 2); +} diff --git a/exercises/variables/variables6.rs b/exercises/variables/variables6.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9866691 --- /dev/null +++ b/exercises/variables/variables6.rs @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// variables6.rs +// Make me compile! Execute the command `rustlings hint variables6` if you want a hint :) + +// I AM NOT DONE + +const NUMBER = 3; +fn main() { + println!("Number {}", NUMBER); +}